Examples: Jilu axona, Azerbaijan Jewish axxona/axona (Garbell 1965, 297), Tisqopa axona (Rubba, private interaction)

(20) The word having ‘brother’, aha in BT, have while doing so started enhanced, although this function is additionally found in Turoyo. Hertevin features one another ?aha and you can ?ahona (Jastrow 1988, 180), but Mandaic only has aha (Macuch 1965, 495).

While doing so, external NENA, you will find most other terms and conditions: Mandaic keraya (Macuch 1965, 509), Turoyo raglo (Jastrow 1985, 219)

(21) That rather mystical item that’s attested in every NENA dialects except Sanandaj Religious (and that probably only a spin pit from the evidence) was aqla ‘foot’. Krotkoff (1985, 130-31) argues this phrase derives in the sources ql ‘to be crooked’. Most of the languages make use of the means aqla, except Koy Sanjaq aqla and Tisqopa (?)aqIlta.

(22) Some other term discussed by Krotkoff (1985, 131-thirty two, 134) is baxta ‘woman’, which has supplanted the new Syriac atta in all NENA, although not when you look at the Turoyo or Mandaic. Which keyword appears to be a consequence of Kurdish baxt ‘honor’. It’s interesting to notice that an irregular plural endures in several languages: Tisqopa (?)InsI, Azerbaijan Jewish nise, and Halabja inse.

(23) Surprise invention pointed out by the Noldeke (1868, 59) was rxata, equal to Syriac rhat. The alteration off h so you can x within one word is actually found in all of the NENA languages where in fact the verb is actually attested. Examples: Sanandaj Christian raxet (Panoussi 1990), Urmi roentgen-x-D (Hetzron 1969, 123), Jilu rxata, Hertevin rahet (Jastrow 1988, 222).

(24) Another unforeseen invention is the NENA verb ‘fear’, that takes new variations zda?a, zdaya, and you may zdala regarding the various languages. Macuch and you can Panoussi (1974, 50) render a possible derivation regarding the Syriac ezda za ‘be shaken’. Models into the infixed d are observed in most the NENA languages where in fact the means is attested: Halabja ilha zadyane ‘God-dreading (pl.)’, Jilu +zdale ‘he feared’, Aradhin iza:dIl ‘he fears’ (Krotkoff 1982, 78), Zakho zde?lu ‘they feared’ (Sabar 1988, 1).(9)

Not all of the identifying top features of NENA can be found in both Turoyo or Mandaic

I think that the more than causes it to be obvious the NENA languages show many unique traits which happen to be discover neither in the previous attested types of Aramaic neither from the other life dialects. These characteristics assortment over the domain names off phonology, morphology, in addition to lexicon.

Particularly, all the languages off NENA concur in the standards dos, 9, 14, 15, 16, 21, and you can twenty-two. Every languages where you will find advice plus agree with criteria 20, 23, and you can twenty four.

Just about Halabja agree in the standards 8 and you will eleven. Standards six is located in all dialects except Halabja, Hertevin, and you can Sanandaj Christian.

Even after their interior divisions, the new NENA dialects form a stunningly coherent classification, split up clearly off both Turoyo and you will Mandaic. The position of these dialects outside of the NENA pale is out of matter.

The levels that keeps are shared around the NENA is particularly unbelievable once we look at the immense differences when considering different languages. Brand new determine out-of other dialects towards NENA has been each other strong and greater, additionally the amount of mutual intelligibility anywhere between languages can incontri indù be quite short. The countless common designs argue strongly for a familiar origin out of the NENA languages, in both a single dialect or even in several closely related dialects. At the same time, we are able to discern a number of important packages off isoglosses which show the brand new boundaries regarding dialect groups.

a) The fresh dialect away from Halabja will not share specific essential designs and that are located through all of the remainder of the languages. It generally does not function a great CCiC-ce preterite out-of intransitive verbs (8), it’s no b(it)- coming marker (10), and it has zero 3rd individual only 1 copula with 1 (11). It is more basic department ranging from dialects of NENA. This means your left languages function a team whereby designs give if you are Halabja stayed unaffected by the her or him.