For the an excellent multicenter, double-blind, placebo-regulated trial, 672 healthy guys (suggest age 61
Up until the relationships anywhere between calcium and you may prostate cancer tumors is made clear, it is realistic for men for eating all in all, 1,one hundred thousand to at least one,two hundred milligrams/day of calcium supplements (dieting and supplements shared), which is demanded from the Food and Nutrition Panel of the Institute from Medicine (look for RDA) (9)
8 age) had been randomized so you can every day calcium supplements supplementation (1,two hundred mg) to own few years. While no escalation in the chance for prostate disease might have been stated throughout the an effective 10.3-year follow-right up, calcium supplements contributed to a significant chance reduced that point spanning out-of 24 months immediately following therapy arrived at 2 yrs immediately after therapy ended (150). For the a glance at the fresh new books typed in ’09, the usa Agency getting Healthcare Research and you can Top quality showed that maybe not most of the epidemiological studies discover a connection between calcium intake and you can prostate cancers (151). The brand new review stated that 6 away from eleven observational knowledge were unsuccessful discover mathematically high self-confident relationships between prostate cancers and calcium supplements intake. Yet, inside the five education, each and every day consumption from 921 in order to 2,100000 mg out-of calcium have been found to be of the a keen improved likelihood of developing prostate disease when compared to intakes starting off 455 to 1,one hundred thousand milligrams/time (151). Inconsistencies certainly one of education suggest state-of-the-art interactions amongst the exposure activities to have prostate cancer tumors, along with reflect the difficulties regarding examining the outcome of calcium consumption in 100 % free-life style somebody. Eg, the fact people who have highest milk and you may/otherwise calcium supplements intakes were seen to be likely to feel engaged in suit life-style or higher gonna seek medical attention is decrease the fresh analytical significance of a link having prostate cancer exposure (152).
Perform calcium improve risk having heart problems?
Multiple observational degree and you may randomized managed examples have raised concerns regarding the possibility adverse effects off calcium supplements towards aerobic chance. The analysis of data throughout the Kuopio Osteoporosis Exposure Foundation and you can Cures (OSTPRE) prospective study unearthed that users off calcium around ten,555 Finnish female (years 52-62 age) had a beneficial 14% higher risk of fabricating coronary artery problem as compared to low-enhance profiles throughout the an indicate follow-up away from 6.75 age (153). The goal examination of 23,980 members (35-64 years old) of your Heidelberg cohort of Eu Possible Study for the Disease and you may Nutrition cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) seen that extra calcium supplements consumption are positively for the risk away from myocardial infarction (heart attack) however into chance of coronary attack or heart problems (CVD)-related mortality shortly after an indicate follow-upwards from 11 many years (154). But really, the utilization of calcium supplements (?eight hundred milligrams/day against. 0 mg/day) are associated with the a heightened chance of CVD-associated death in 219,059 people, not from inside the 169,170 female, included in the Federal Institute from Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Fitness studies and you will then followed to have a mean several months away from several years. CVD death inside males has also been seen to be significantly highest which have complete (losing weight also extra) calcium supplements consumption of 1,five hundred mg/time and you may over (155).
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).
